Which of the following is NOT a phase of clinical trials?

Clinical trials are generally divided into distinct phases that each serve specific purposes in the drug development process. The recognized phases include Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, and Phase IV.

Phase I trials focus on assessing the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a drug in a small group of healthy volunteers or patients. The primary aim is to determine a safe dosage range and identify any potential side effects.

Phase II trials involve a larger group of participants, usually those who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat. This phase is designed to evaluate the drug's efficacy and further assess its safety. It establishes preliminary data on whether the drug works effectively for the intended use.

Phase III trials are conducted with an even larger population and are designed to confirm the drug’s effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare it to commonly used treatments. This phase is critical because it often serves as the basis for regulatory approval.

Phase IV, also known as post-marketing surveillance, occurs after a drug has been approved for marketing. It involves ongoing studies to monitor the drug's long-term effectiveness and safety in the general population, often leading to additional insights into its usage, rare side effects, and interactions with other medications.

Phase V does